Drug Abuse Problems Essay Example For Students

Medication Abuse Problems Essay The United States of America has been battling with unfavorable social and financial impacts of the medication misuse, to be specific of heroin, since the establishment of this nation. Our underlying endeavor to ban heroin with the Harrison Narcotic Demonstration of 1914 brought about the U.S. having the most noticeably terrible heroin issue on the planet (Tooley 540). Despite the fact that the authoritative activities with respect to heroin until now created inauspicious outcomes that once in a while influenced any people other than the fanatic and their family, the late twentieth century carries ascend to the ever-encroaching A few needle trade programs supported by strict associations in Australia have detailed no new HIV contaminations coming about because of needle sharing in the course of recent years (Fuller 9). Open wellbeing bunches in the United States are quickly starting to acknowledge the viability of needle trade programs. The 113 needle trade programs that are at present working all through the United States (Bowdy 26) are a consequence of this acknowledgment. These projects generally are set up to bolster needle trade more so than needle dispersion (Fuller 10). Many needle trade programs have been started by recouping addicts who comprehend the real factors of enslavement and the expected damage of needle sharing (Fuller 9). Maybe addicts feel increasingly great taking exhortation from somebody whom has been there and recognizes what they are experiencing. Social association between the junkie and program is very basic. Program customers are approached to give their old infusion hardware in return for new materials and recognizable proof cards gave by certain projects, permitting the clients to convey their infusion hardware anyplace (Loconte 20), decreasing the need to share needles. Volunteers monitor old needles gathered and clean ones given out with a coding framework that permits members to remain unknown (Green 15). In contrast to a portion of their European partners, needle trade programs in the U.S. try not to advocate the utilization of candy machines to administer hypodermic needles (Fuller 10). American projects comprehend the grave significance of customary contact between the someone who is addicted and caring citizenry who educate addicts about different roads regarding human services and recuperation during each visit (Fuller 10). The associate chief of the Adult Clinical AIDS Program at Boston Medical Center, Jon Fuller, feels that this personal methodology by American programs passes on a ground-breaking message to addicts that their lives and prosperity are as yet esteemed by the network notwithstanding their failure to break the pattern of addictive conduct (10). Addicts who can not remain clean or get conceded into a medication treatment program ought to be urged to take the essential safety measures to perform safe infusions and not put others in danger because of their propensity (Glantz 1078). From 1981 to 1997, sedate related HIV cases in the United States rose from 1 to 31 percent excluding newborn children and sexual accomplices tainted by the client (Fuller 9). With sullied needles tainting 33 Americans with HIV day by day (Fuller 11), it was inevitable before a top to bottom examination of the medication related AIDS pestilence was made. More far reaching research with respect to the viability of needle trade programs is important to give the premise to making appropriate authoritative choices. Lebanon: A Globe-trotters Guide Essay The restriction right now keeping government assets from being distributed to bolster needle trade programs in the U.S. extraordinarily reduces the methods important to build up and work a compelling needle trade program. President Clinton at first arranged .

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 10 Free Essays

string(47) somewhat north of it, the traffic cleared up. Dante quickly dropped after sex soon thereafter, however I remained wakeful for some time. Turning over finally, I turned my back to him and gazed at my bedside table. I’d set Seth’s book there, and now its spine gazed out at me, similar to we were having a confrontation to see who might turn away first. We will compose a custom exposition test on Succubus Heat CHAPTER 10 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Seth had offered it to me as a blessing, perhaps a harmony offering, yet I feared it, scared of how I may feel on the off chance that I opened it. Following ten minutes of gazing, I at last went after the book and hurried nearer to the bed’s edge so I could get all the more light from my small understanding light. Twisting onto my side, I took a full breath and opened up All Fools Night . First came the cover sheet, at that point the devotion: For my niece Brandy, who longs for incredible things and will accomplish more noteworthy ones still . It was humiliating, however I had nearly for a second estimated whether he may have devoted the book to me. He’d completed it directly around the time we previously began dating, however he’d been altering and rolling out little improvements until the time we separated. It was vanity, I assumed, to think there may be some indication of my time with Seth in the book. However, when I turned the page, I pondered. Prior to the main section, Seth consistently had a statement, something from a discourse or conceivably a stanza from a sonnet that was pertinent to the book. This was from a melody: Furthermore, in the event that I just could I’d make an arrangement with God Furthermore, I’d get Him to trade our places †â€Å"Running Up That Hill,† by Kate Bush I read the verses a few times, thinking about whether there was more to them or in the event that I simply needed there to be more to them. I’d heard the tune quite a while prior, and it had that poppy synth feel so basic to music during the 1980s. I didn’t review this specific part. At last, hauling my eyes away, I moved onto the core of the book. Prior to meeting Seth, I’d proportioned myself while perusing his books. I would just peruse five pages per day in light of the fact that I’d needed to delay the pleasantness of that first perusing. When something was great, it was anything but difficult to jump into it, and before you knew it, the second was no more. You’d consumed it. I encountered that too as often as possible in my long presence, and a severe perusing plan was a frail endeavor to back things off. At the point when I subsided into this book, however, I didn’t truly have an arrangement, and in a little while, I knew halting at five pages was incomprehensible. It was lovely. While he had a couple of self-standing books, this arrangement Cady and O’Neill-was his leader one. At its essential level, this was only a puzzle book, yet there was an awesome, expressive quality to Seth’s composing that raised him over the class ghetto. Of course, there was activity and a path of hints, however his characters were additionally advancing, continually developing in manners both magnificent and shocking. Seth had a method of portraying their emotions and their responses in a style that was so genuine, it resounded with my own life and left a throb in my chest. Regardless of whether that was for his specialty or for the man himself, I couldn’t state. It was just when Dante turned over that I’d acknowledged I’d been wheezing. â€Å"Are you crying, succubus?† â€Å"It’s this book,† I said. I had quite recently perused an area where Cady and O’Neill were having a significant discussion about existence, and O’Neill had remarked that all individuals were looking for both condemnation and absolution, requiring each to comprehend their reality. I was crying since it was valid and on the grounds that Seth had realized it was valid. â€Å"There are a great deal of things to cry about in this world,† Dante said through a yawn. â€Å"Not sure a book ought to be one of them.† The clock read 4 a.m. by that point, and my eyes were blurred from tears and a need to rest. I put down Seth’s book-which I was presently the greater part path through-and killed the light. Dante moved and tossed an arm around me, laying his jaw on my shoulder. His breathing developed substantial and customary, and in a little while, I went along with him in rest. The telephone woke me up at a wicked hour later in the first part of the day. Dante was gone as of now. I found that astounding, yet observing as he hadn’t gotten three hours of rest, it probably won't have been that a lot of a jump. â€Å"Hello?† Finding the telephone had been accomplishment enough, not to mention checking the guest ID. A distraught voice addressed me. â€Å"Georgina? This is Blake.† â€Å"Blake?† I didn’t think I knew any Blake. â€Å"Don’t disclose to me you disregarded us?† He articulated â€Å"about† as â€Å"aboot,† and it returned to me through my rest befuddled mind. â€Å"Oh, God. I’m sorry. Blake. From the Army.† Him calling me couldn’t be a decent sign. I sat up straighter in bed. â€Å"What’s going on?† â€Å"They’re accomplishing something today†¦I’m shouldn't tell anybody, yet I’m stressed. I don’t know a lot, then again, actually it’s big.† I was up and moving presently, garments and hair shape-moving as I strolled. â€Å"Do you have something else? A period or place?† â€Å"Not yet. Evan’s being extremely mysterious about what he’s letting us know. He says the Angel needs it to be a need-to-know-thing and that we won’t discover the subtleties until without a doubt the last minute.† â€Å"Fuck.† I presumed the Angel was attempting to restrict my insight also. Complimenting, however disappointing. â€Å"Okay, well, tune in, I’m in Seattle, however I’m jumping out and about this moment. I ought to be there in two hours.† â€Å"You can’t get up here in two hours,† he said warily. â€Å"I can on the off chance that I don’t drive the speed limit.† There was a touch of blockage inside the city itself, however once I got somewhat north of it, the traffic cleared up. You read Succubus Heat CHAPTER 10 in classification Paper models It was the regularly scheduled drive; everybody needed to get into Seattle. When I had clear parkway in front of me, I dialed Cedric. I knew he wasn’t going to like my absence of data, however thinking about how furious he’d been after last time, I needed to in any event make the endeavor here to keep myself in the clear. It was Kristin who replied. â€Å"He’s eating right now,† she let me know. â€Å"It’s sort of an extraordinary time for him. He doesn’t like to be disturbed.† There was an on edge tone to her voice, and I could nearly picture her masterminding a morning meal plate only so for him. â€Å"Yeah, well, he may be upset whether he enjoys it or not.† I mentioned to her what Blake had stated, and her reaction was like mine. â€Å"That’s all you’ve got?† â€Å"Their Angel’s chipping away at a need-to-know premise now,† I said sharply. â€Å"I’ll let you know more when I find out additional. I simply figured Cedric ought to know.† She murmured. â€Å"You’re right. Much obliged. Man, this is going to annoy him. He’ll have no craving at all.† I made the drive in the two hours I’d cited Blake and inexplicably didn’t get pulled over. I hadn’t got notification from him the whole time, so I dialed him once I was over the outskirt and purchasing espresso. I’d found a Starbucks and took a mystery thrill in resisting the Tim Hortons mastery. Except†¦once I had the espresso close by, I chose a doughnut would be great with it, so I strolled over and got one from the Tim’s over the road. Blake didn’t answer, so I attempted Evan next and furthermore found no solution. Baffled, I rolled over to Evan’s house and thumped on the entryway for some time. I was almost nearly moving in through a back window when my telephone rang once more and amusingly, it was Evan himself. â€Å"Georgina!† he shouted, sounding euphoric. â€Å"Where right? We need you here.† â€Å"Where are you ?† I requested. â€Å"On the perception deck,† he said. â€Å"Observation deck of what?† â€Å"The Space Needle. You live close by, don’t you?† I almost dropped the telephone. â€Å"You’re in Seattle ?† â€Å"Yeah!† I could impeccably picture that excited, ardent look of his. â€Å"Cool, huh? The Angel needed us to extend our message. In this way, we’re all up here with these flags that we’re going to spread out simultaneously, and afterward we’ve got a couple of more amazements to-â€Å" â€Å"Evan,† I asked, running toward my vehicle. â€Å"Don’t do it. You’re creating more mischief than you realize.† â€Å"That’s the point!† he laughed. â€Å"How long until you can be here?† When I revealed to him I wasn’t in the city, he lost intrigue, and my supplications got futile. When we detached, I dialed Cedric, hoping to get Kristin. Rather, I got his phone message. Some way or another, that drove me mad. â€Å"Cedric, this is Georgina. The Army isn’t doing their thing here-they’re down in Seattle at the present time. I trust you at long last trust I didn’t have anything to do with their inept plans now! At the point when Jerome discovers, it’s going to be my butt on the line, and knowing my karma, he’ll think you and I are working together.† Truly, this was one of those circumstances wherein there was no chance I could win. I would get in a difficult situation regardless of what I did, however once more, I needed to endeavor harm control. Jerome had a PDA that he never replied and didn’t even have voice message for. Hugh was the most ideal approach to get a grip of him-yet he didn’t get either. â€Å"Damn it!† I cried into his telephone. â€Å"Doesn’t

8 Ways Social Anxiety Changes the Way You Think

8 Ways Social Anxiety Changes the Way You Think Social anxiety disorder (SAD)  has a way of coloring every aspect of your existence. This tendency to fill in your life with shades of  gray, can be a self-fulfilling prophecy. If you perceive yourself, others and the world in a negative lightâ€"eventually what you perceive to be true becomes your reality.   It doesnt have to be that way, though. Below are eight ways that social anxiety changes the way you think about everything, and then some ways you can get back control and stop letting your anxiety take the reins. 1. How You Think About Yourself Research has shown that SAD is associated with high self-criticism and lower self-esteem.??  People with SAD  have a tendency to view themselves in a negative light. This type of thinking probably permeates every aspect of your life.   You probably have thoughts like, I look stupid I am making a fool of myself Everyone is looking at me I cant control my anxiety And on, and on.   These types of negative thoughts influence how you feel about yourself and ultimately, the choices that you make for yourself. How Thoughts and Values May Affect Your Anxiety 2. How You Think About Others When you view others in a fearful light, how does this color your perceptions of them? Rather than viewing new people that you meet as potential friends, you probably respond to them with fear and detachment. As the lyrics to the Doors song go, People are strange, when youre a stranger Faces look ugly, when youre alone Women seem wicked, when youre unwanted Streets are uneven, when youre down. It can be hard if you have SAD to see the world as non-anxious people do. How do they see it? They see strangers as potential new friends.They see friends as confidants, companionship  and comfort.And they see people in general as welcoming, non-judgmental  and just-darn friendly. Unfortunately, how you view others can influence how they treat you. If you are fearful of strangers, they will turn away. If you remain guarded with friends, they may eventually distance themselves. And if you view every person you meet as judgmental, disinterested  and unfriendlyâ€"your body language will reflect how you feel. Soon, the people you encounter become what you thought them to be, but only to you. The Circus Mirror Effect: Social Anxiety and Friendships 3. How You See the World Stop for a moment. How do you view the world? Do you see it as filled with opportunity or a place to be avoided? Those with SAD have a tendency to narrow their worlds. This narrowing might occur in the context of your home (you might leave home less often), your friends (choosing to have little or no friends), your work (choosing work that allows you to avoid social or performance situations), etc. You narrow your world because that feels safer to you. But what is the cost of this narrowing? Again, it is a loss of opportunity. One day you might wake up with few days left, and wonder why you didnt take more chances.   A chalkboard was set up in New York City for passers-by to write down their biggest regret in life. The common theme that emerged was of the things that were not  done, not  said, not tried. Whats Your Biggest Regret? You still have time, and you can still try. 4. How You View the Future Social anxiety disorder is associated with a risk for depression.?? Those who have both SAD and depression may feel clouded about their future. Depression makes you feel as though things will never change and never improve. This means that if you have both social anxiety disorder and depression, you might feel like things will never get better for you. You probably assume that social anxiety is your lot in life, and that there is nothing you can do about it. This narrowing of your future will leave you feeling bleak and without hope.   The Link Between Social Anxiety Disorder and Depression 5. How You View the Past In a study of negative autobiographical memories in 107 participants with SAD compared to those with panic disorder and healthy controls, it was found that memories related to social anxiety were viewed as central to ones identity among those with SAD.?? This suggests that past negative social events have played a role in the development of your social anxiety. Think for a moment. Do you remember defining moments from your past that formed the line between yourself with and without extreme social anxiety? For example, performer Barbra Streisand had a moment on stage where she forgot the lyrics to the song she was singing. She didnt sing onstage for decades afterward, as that one incident had colored her vision of herself. In essence, a past event defined her social anxiety. People with SAD tend to dwell on past mistakesâ€"so not only will a major bad past experience haunt you, but every minor mistake you make will also eat away at your self-esteem and confidence. But, it doesnt have to be that way. You dont have to live your life today based on what has happened in the past. 6. How You View the Present When you are caught in a panic attack, it can be hard to think of anything else. Imagine you are sitting in class waiting for your turn to give a presentation. Are you able to smile and chat with your classmates? Do you feel relaxed and open to others? Is your mind clear and sharp? Chances are that none of these are true. You see, social anxiety uses up your cognitive (thinking) resources. Every panic attack that you have is zapping you of your mental strength. Wouldnt you rather have that mental energy to devote to other areas of your life? You dont have to live with panic attacks in social and performance situations no matter how devastating they might feel. 7. How You View Spirituality Beyond simple religion, spirituality refers to your ability to think beyond your immediate world in a transcendent way. What is this meaning of your life? Why are we all here?   What is your lifes greater purpose? Do you believe in forces outside of the world that you can see? If you are constantly bombarded with social anxiety, it will be difficult to move away from dealing with basic survival needs toward more existential thoughts. While not everyone will desire to search for a greater purpose to life, most would like to at least have the option to do so. How Spirituality Can Improve Your Mental Health 8. How You View Opportunity What has been the common theme surrounding how social anxiety changes the way that you think?   It seems to be lost opportunities. When you suffer with SAD, you view opportunity as fraught with potential disaster. Or, you might not even see opportunities at all when you look out into the world. Your goal should be to seek out opportunity, to recognize the opportunities that are all around you, and to feel grateful that you have the opportunities that you do. Social Anxiety Disorder and Employment Steps to Stop Social Anxiety From Coloring Your Thoughts Now that you know how social anxiety is influencing your thoughts, what can be done about it?   Below are some ideas to help you take back control of your perceptions and ways of relating to yourself, others, and the world around you. Take a social skills training program to boost your confidence and self-esteem.Imagine strangers as potential friends. Visualize yourself having that person as a friend in your life many years later.Write down all your biggest regrets. Now cross those out or erase them and write the words Clean Slate. Then get out and do something about your regrets.If you are also suffering with depression, seek help. Depression is a treatable illness; you dont have to feel the way that you do.Identify major past events that may have triggered your social anxiety. Schedule time with a therapist to work through how those events have affected you and how you can move past them.If panic attacks are making daily life miserable, make an appointment with your doctor to discuss medication options. You could even receive a referral for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).Dont wait for your social anxiety to be under control to follow spiritual pursuits. Practices like meditation and yoga are good both for yo ur search for meaning and your social anxiety.Identify one opportunity in your life that you have avoided, or look for a new opportunity that could prove to have significant benefits for you if only you had the courage to try. Then go out and take advantage of  it The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

How To Make a Dry Ice Balloon

You usually blow up balloons with air or helium, but did you know you can get a balloon to inflate itself using dry ice? Carbon dioxide is heavier than air, so dry ice balloons will rest on a surface rather than float. Heres how you perform this simple science project: Materials BalloonsDry Ice PelletsFunnel (optional) Its easiest to work with a funnel because it holds the neck of the balloon open. If you are working with dry ice pellets, you may find it easier to break or crush them so you can pour them into the balloon. However, if you wear gloves, its pretty simple to do this project with just your hands and a balloon. If you have a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, you can even make dry ice yourself. Directions Hold open the mouth of the balloon.Place or pour dry ice into the balloon.Tie off the balloon so that the gas wont escape.The balloon will inflate as you watch. Youll see water freeze on the outside of the balloon where the dry ice is cooling the air across the surface of the latex. How much the balloon inflates depends on how much dry ice you added. A small amount of dry ice will slightly inflate the balloon, while a large amount ultimately will make it pop. How It Works Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide. At normal atmospheric pressure, dry ice sublimates from a solid directly into a gas. As the gas warms, it expands. Carbon dioxide is denser than air, so if you drop a dry ice balloon, it will fall to the ground rather than float like a helium balloon. Dry Ice Safety Dry ice is cold enough that it can give you frostbite after a very brief exposure. Its best to wear gloves for this project and to let the balloon inflate on a countertop and not in your hand. Also, dont eat the dry ice. Keep it away from children and pets.

There Are Many Ways That Have Been Proven To Help In...

There are many ways that have been proven to help in preventing cardiovascular diseases; certain exercises and foods in particular. The American Heart Association gives a breakdown, of what you and should be doing to help prevent heart disease, depending on your age. They clearly state, no matter what your age is, you should be eating a healthy diet; this includes, eating a diet low in sodium, saturated fat, and trans fat. Sodium is the salt added into your food. Foods high in sodium are chips, table salt, crackers, pickles, sauces, dressings, and canned foods. Saturated fat is a molecule that has no double bonds, which makes it â€Å"stackable† and is considered an unhealthy fat. Foods high in saturated fat are; fatty beef, poultry (with†¦show more content†¦Exercise is another key to maintain a healthy heart and cardiovascular system. The American Heart Association recommends 150-minutes of moderate-intensity, aerobic, physical activity, or 75-minutes of vigorous-in tensity, aerobic, physical activity. To stave off boredom, it’s suggested to do a combination of both types of exercise throughout the week (American Heart Association, 2017). Aerobic physical activity is described as, â€Å"Exercise with oxygen.† During this type of exercise, the body, more specifically the heart, is working hard to pump oxygenated blood from the heart to the muscles throughout your body (another name for this type of exercise is cardio-exercise). Specific examples of aerobic exercise are; cardio machines, walking, jogging, running, swimming, hiking, and even dancing. The intensity of the exercise depends on how fast and how long the exercise is consistently maintained over a period of time (Weil, n.d.). Strength training actives, such as; lifting weights and utilizing muscle-strengthening machines, may be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease, as well. The American Heart Association recommends older adults do muscle-strengthening actives at least two times a week (especially for those individuals who are at a greater genetic disposition forShow MoreRelatedWhy Vaccination Is Necessary For Our Public Health And Public Safety ( Plotkin 1-15 )1323 Words   |  6 Pagesvaccines, to possibility cure or remove a disease. However, there are many concerns when it comes to vaccinations; are they okay for the body and/or will vaccines cause our bodies harm? Or are vaccines okay to get, and do they work? State laws are pushing to make vaccines a requirement. Because of these laws being passed, many argue that they are being forced in getting their children vaccinated. People should be able to have the freedom to choose if they want their children to be vaccinated or notRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesuses a hefty sum of money to regulate drug use and to enforce laws passed to protect society from the threats of certain drugs. Some debate that the fight against drugs is not needed and that society has already lost the war on drugs and the only way to answer the problem is to terminate most of the fighting altogether by decriminalizing the use of marijuana. William Buckley says, Pot is harmful, but people should not go to jail for smoking it (Buckley). Buckley was a college professor at ColumbianRead MoreBanning Designer Babies : An Experimental Technique1236 Words   |  5 Pagesyears the discussion on designer babies has been up surging and is now at the forefront of many medical and academic discussions. An experimental technique, known as gene therapy, birthed the idea of designer babies (â€Å"Gene Therapy†. GHF). This very experimental technique, why, uses healthy genes to treat, or rather prevent diseases that co uld be passed down from parent to child. However, scientists have ventured to further expound on the concept of preventing disease to a more cosmetic and superficialRead MoreDesigner Babies : An Experimental Technique1220 Words   |  5 PagesFor years the discussion on designer babies has been upsurging and is now at the forefront of many medical and academic discussions. An experimental technique, known as gene therapy, birthed the idea of designer babies. This very experimental technique, y, uses healthy genes to treat, or rather prevent diseases that could be passed down from parent to child. However, scientists have ventured to further expound on the concept of preventing disease to a more cosmetic and superficial approach. The moreRead MoreBenefits Of Learning About Ones Culture1292 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween people. 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With this in mind, sex education provides preparedness, answers questions, and creates awareness. To begin with, sex education creates the state of readiness. One way it proves this is with preventing pregnancies. The article â€Å"Effective Sex Education† by Brigid McKeon states, â€Å"Though the teen birth rate has declined to its lowest levels since data collection began, the United States still has the highest teen birth rate.† The aboveRead MoreExercise : How Exercise Improves Your Mood1722 Words   |  7 Pagesexercise in the elderly. According to the staff at Mayo Clinic, there are 7 important benefits of regular exercise (2015). The first reason is that exercise improves your mood (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Are you are feeling down and need an emotional lift, or have had a stressful day at work and need to blow off some steam? A small workout at the gym or a brisk walk at the park might be your answer. 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English History Boys Free Essays

How does Bennet use dramatic comedy to offer criticism of contemporary attitudes to education in The History Boys? In this essay I am going to explain how Alan Bennet uses dramatic comedy to criticise the contemporary attitudes towards education in the History Boys. The contemporary attitudes that are criticised are Utilitarianism, Humanism and Pragmatism. He does this by using a range of satirical devices. We will write a custom essay sample on English History Boys or any similar topic only for you Order Now Satire is the use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. It is usually used to comment on society by observing their way of thinking and they way they behave. The History Boys is a satire because throughout the book each attitude is being criticised through the characters; The Headmaster, Hector, Irwin and The Boys. All attitudes are shown to be in disagreement with each other as they all have a different view on education. The first attitude towards education Bennet presents us with is the Utilitarian attitude. This is where you only consider what will be best for a group of people and not just the individual. At the start of the novel Bennet introduces us to the character of the Headmaster who criticises the utilitarian attitude towards education in Thatcher’s Britain. This is shown to us in the opening scene of the play which was set in the staff room and he headmaster was discussing the boy’s A Level results with their history teacher, Mrs Lintott (Dorothy). â€Å"Their A Levels are very good†. The fact that ‘very good’ is in italics and is emphasised upon by the headmaster suggests to the readers that he is taking pleasure for himself from what the boys have achieved. By showing this Bennet has led the audience to acknowledge that the headmaster takes pleasure in others success even though he appears utilitarian. As we continue into the scene with Mrs Lintott and the Headmaster, we are shown that the headmaster praises her for her part in helping the boys to pass however it could be argued that he is patronising her at the same time by talking down to her. This is shown when he says â€Å"Thanks to you Dorothy†. Mrs Lintott suggests that they should continue with the way they are teaching in order to achieve better results however the Headmaster interrupts her by saying â€Å"yes yes† and continues to listing what he would like to happen. This is shown when he says â€Å"I am thinking league tables, open scholarships and reports to the Governors†. The fact that the headmaster lists what he wants portrays him, to the audience, as being a selfish character, he does not want what’s good for the boys but he wants things that will make him look good. The constant use of â€Å"I want† also backs up the idea of him being selfish. However he also talks about the boys doing themselves justice, this could make us as readers question whether he does genuinely care about the boys future or whether it is an act. This is shown when he says â€Å"I want them to do themselves justice I want them to do you justice†. Overall the audience could argue that in this scene, because there are differences between both the headmaster and Mrs Lintott there is a form of juxtaposition between them as the headmaster mocks Mrs Lintott’s attitude towards education which shows us that he does not care about what the boys achieve as individuals, he cares about what they achieve as a group. This therefore represents how Bennet has shown the Headmaster to criticise the Utilitarian view towards education. The second attitude towards education Bennet presents us with is the Humanism attitude. This is system of thought that centres on humans and their values, capacities, and worth. Bennet introduces us to the character of Hector. Within the very first page, Hector’s impression of education is set, where he refers to his subject as â€Å"useless knowledge† and â€Å"A waste of time†. This immediately suggests to the reader Hector’s general apathy towards the subject, and, seeming to mock Houseman goes on to quote, â€Å"all knowledge is useful whether or not it serves the slightest human use†. However, as we learn that Hector is a man of â€Å"studied eccentricity†, and Bennett later goes on to write in the stage directions, â€Å"an elaborate pantomime, all this† it could be assumed that Hector’s views of education differ from those he presents within the first scene. It is soon revealed that Hector’s idea of education is â€Å"the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake† –showing that he is not opposed to teaching; he instead wishes to, as Timms puts it, make the boys â€Å"more rounded human beings†. This, then, gives context to Hector’s referring to General studies as â€Å"bread eaten in secret†: his teachings are not to help the boys’ progressive school careers (â€Å"forget about Oxford and Cambridge†), but to provide the boys with something more personal and lifelong. For instance, when Timms tells Hector that he doesn’t understand  poetry, Hector calms him by saying that he, himself, doesn’t always understand poetry, but to â€Å"know it now and understand it whenever†, going on to say, â€Å"We’re making your deathbeds here, boys†. Hector’s approach is a clear substitute and â€Å"antidote† to Irwin’s direct and driven approach. The third and final attitude towards education Bennet presents us with is the Pragmatism attitude. This is basically where things are dealt with realistically rather than theoretically. Irwin first arrives at the school as the boys are about to start studying for their entrance exams to Oxford and Cambridge University. He is immediately give the important job of teaching the boys just because he says he went to Oxford University. This is shown when the Headmaster says to Irwin â€Å"Well you were at Cambridge† and Irwin replies saying â€Å"Oxford, Jesus. † At this point it could be argued that this is Bennett’s way of demonstrating how where you learn can sometimes be worth more than what you learn, which supports the Pragmatic view towards education it The History Boys. The first time we see Irwin it is in the future when he is acting as a spin doctor for the Government, he is in a wheelchair which acts as a narrative hook to the end of the play. He is telling the members of government how to act and what their attitude should be like and he is trying to convince them to agree with the idea of getting rid of the system of trial by jury. This leads on to Bennet showing us that Irwin has a different style of teaching to hectors, he does not educate the boys, but he teaches them how to write essays and how to pass their exams. This is how Bennett shows that the education system has change so that young people are not being educated as well as they should be, they’re just being taught how to pass and nothing the might find useful later on in life. â€Å"You can write down, Rudge that I must not write down every word that teacher says. † This quotation is said by Irwin and it shows us that Irwin is saying to the boys until they don’t write down what they have learnt in their own words then they won’t understand anything and they won’t be able to be independent and do as well when it comes to doing their exams. This clearly shows that Irwin’s method of educating the boys is clearly different to the other teachers. However other characters such as Hector seem to feel that Irwin is trying to replace his as the boys favourite teacher as they become fonder of Irwin they don’t seem to be as fond of Hector as they were before Irwin arrived. In contradiction to Hector, the Headmaster is fond of Irwin as he seems to think that Irwin will be the best thing for the boys and the school’s position on the League Tables. This is shown when the headmaster says â€Å"Get me scholarships, Irwin, pull us up the table. † The boys as a group show a suitably irrelevant attitude towards education. How to cite English History Boys, Papers

The Morals in Macbeth free essay sample

Macbeth (1606) is a morality play that warns its audiences, past and present, about the destruction that follows when ambition goes beyond moral constraints. To fully understand the extent to which Macbeth is a morality play, it is essential to give consideration to the context of the time during which the playwright penned the drama. Theatre was a major social event that not only brought society together but also taught the audience, regardless of their social class, how to behave in order for society to maintain its moral order. Shakespeare used the beliefs and current events of Renaissance England; the existence of witches, the Divine Right of Kings, a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy, and The Gowrie Conspiracy and The Gunpowder Plot regicide attempts; to warn the audience of the psychological turmoil associated with allowing oneself to be lured into immoral acts. Equally important in determining the moral integrity of Macbeth is establishing what defines a morality play. Morality plays were a form of medieval drama that flourished in Europe during the 16th century and the early 17th century, when Macbeth was performed. Moral plays were dramatised allegories, where characters were personifications of different qualities or vices and justice was served at the end of the play. Through the use of dramatic conventions, language and structural devices and the close examination of Macbeth’s psychological deterioration in the play, Shakespeare exemplifies to Jacobean audiences the penalties of immoral crimes. To build on this, the playwright reminds his contemporary audiences about the unpredictable nature of witches and the supernatural and the dire consequences of involving yourself with them. Furthermore, the drama highlights the negative repercussions of regicide and an illegitimate leader’s rule of a country, through Macbeth’s usurping of the Scottish crown and the resulting degeneration of the Scottish kingdom. Shakespeare’s play Macbeth fulfils all the characteristics of morality plays from the early 17th century and its status as a notable morality play has been heightened by how Shakespeare’s highly progressive and provocative messages about life and moral values are still relevant to contemporary audiences over 500 years later and thus, the play can be considered one of the greatest morality tales ever written. Shakespeare proposes that immoral actions we commit to achieve our ambitions and desires won’t result in success and happiness but, rather, will cause disastrous consequences. This notion occurs frequently throughout the play, with the first example arising very early in Scene 2 of Act One. The Thane of Cawdor, the ‘most disloyal traitor’ (1, 2, 59) Macdonwald, has joined the Norwegian forces fighting against Scotland. After committing this act of treason, the Thane of Cawdor is executed and his titles are given to Macbeth in recognition of his heroic efforts. The fact that Macbeth receives the traitor’s honours foreshadows that the new Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth, will follow the same fate and betray the King. Shakespeare wanted his audiences to become more morally-informed people so by placing this scene at the beginning of the play, the Bard immediately establishes that murder and treachery, above all against the King, are morally corrupt and will only cause dire consequences for the perpetrator. After encountering the three Weird Sisters in the following scene, who prophecise that he will become King of Scotland, Macbeth resolves that ‘chance may crown me/Without my stir’ (1, 3, 157-158). However, he allows his ‘dearest love’ (1, 5, 63) to manipulate him into taking King Duncan’s life. Moreover, Shakespeare shows his contemporary audience the eternal effects of committing murder when Macbeth speaks to an imaginary Duncan, warning him not to hear the bell for ‘it is a knell/That summons thee to heaven or to hell’ (2, 1, 71-72). Shakespeare employs the technique of apostrophe here as Macbeth addresses the absent Duncan as if he were present. During this speech, Macbeth realises that his actions will damn him and he will go to hell and the use of the rhyming couplet adds a sense of finality, accentuating that the deed is irreversible. Shakespeare’s mentioning of the eternal damnation of Macbeth as a result of committing regicide would have heightened the Jacobean audiences’ adherence to the play’s morals. The playwright gives full access to Macbeth’s tortured mind as he descends into madness. In the scene succeeding the murder, Macbeth recalls the deed in a frenzied state and claims that he heard a voice say, ‘Sleep no more! /Macbeth does murder sleep’ (2, 2, 43-44). The word ‘sleep’ is then mentioned six more times in the space of eight lines as Shakespeare stresses that Macbeth is no longer innocent and so cannot sleep. His dispatching of Duncan has literally murdered any chance of easy sleep for Macbeth, due to the immense guilt that he will suffer. Even after Macbeth is crowned as King, Lady Macbeth admits that ‘Nought’s had, all’s spent,/Where our desire is got without content. ’ Lady Macbeth and her husband have exhausted all their resources and achieved everything they wanted, but still are not satisfied. Shakespeare uses this rhyming couplet to underscore that no personal peace or contentment can be achieved by killing another. Lady Macbeth then goes as far as to say that ‘’Tis safer to be that which we destroy/Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy’ (3, 2, 8-9). In other words, it’s better to be dead than tormented by guilt because you have killed someone. Macbeth enters and expresses the full extent of his anxious and guilty conscience when he confesses that, ‘O, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife! ’ (3, 4, 42). This torturous metaphor highlights the distress that seems to be burrowing further and further into the depths of Macbeth’s mind. The audience cannot help but empathise with Macbeth and his struggle with his issues of conscience, whilst still recognising that he is governed by some semblance of right and wrong, despite the poor choices he has made. Equally important in demonstrating the deterioration associated with committing immoral deeds is the rapid demise of Lady Macbeth following Duncan’s death. After Duncan’s assassination, Lady Macbeth is the one who takes control and attempts to calm Macbeth with her misguided philosophy that ‘A little water clears us of this deed. How easy is it then! (2, 2, 80-81). However, this lack of remorse soon fades and as Macbeth isolates himself with his newly attained Kingship, Lady Macbeth becomes overrun with guilt. A doctor is summoned by Lady Macbeth’s attendant to observe her nightly ritual and he describes her sleep-walking as ‘A great perturbation in nature, to receive at once the/benefit of sleep and do the effects of watching! ’ (5, 1, 8-9), highlighting the unnaturalness of Lady Macbeth’s actions. She then tries to remove imaginary blood from her hands, evidence of her role in Duncan’s death. The doctor concludes that ‘Unnatural deeds/Do breed unnatural troubles’ (5, 1, 63-64). Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s appalling immoral crimes can be seen as unnatural deeds which bring about numerous disastrous consequences, both for them and in the natural world. Through the repetition of the word ‘unnatural,’ the playwright directly reinforces to audiences, then and now, the immorality of Duncan’s assassination and murder as a whole and the inherent suffering associated with committing immoral deeds. In the end, suicide seems like the only option for Lady Macbeth to escape the trap he has caused for herself through her deplorable actions. The inclusion of a main female character by Shakespeare is very effective as it adds an element of universality to the play’s morals; without the downfall of an ambitious female character, the messages of the drama, would not, arguably, be as applicable to female audience members. The playwright uses the decline of Macbeth and his wife, two of the central characters in the play, following their regicide to repeatedly warn his contemporary and future audiences about the dangers of committing immoral deeds and their devastating consequences. To build on the idea that unnatural deeds breed unnatural troubles, Shakespeare presents witchcraft and the supernatural as dangerous forces and highlights that involving yourself with them will only lead to your downfall. The role of the witches in Macbeth’s decline should not be underestimated. Although the Weyward Sisters do not directly advise Macbeth to commit regicide, they tempt him into the deed with their prophecies, which promise that he ‘shalt be King hereafter! ’ (1, 3, 53). By planting this seed in Macbeth’s mind, the Weird Sisters effectively guide him onto the path to his own destruction. Shakespeare relates witchcraft to the devil, as many Jacobean people believed that the devil followed this same pattern of temptation, and thus accentuates the extent of their evil intentions. The plotting of Macbeth’s downfall by the supernatural forces is stressed in Scene 5 of Act Three when Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft, reprimands the three witches for approaching Macbeth without her. Hecate plans to destroy Macbeth by filling him with over confidence and using apparitions to ‘draw him onto his confusion’ (3, 5, 29). Just two scenes later, Macbeth visits the Weird Sisters, who are chanting the line, ‘Double, double toil and trouble. Shakespeare stresses the witches’ intent: to cause trouble for all the mortals around them. The Wayward Sisters succeed in confusing Macbeth in their equivocations; to ‘Beware the Thane of Fife’ (4, 1, 79) but then that ‘none of woman born/Shall harm Macbeth’ (4, 1, 88-89) and ‘Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until/Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/Shall come against him’ (4, 1, 101-103). These half-truths that seemingly promise success for Macbeth cause him to become arrogant and complacent in his role as King, which essentially leads to his downfall. Throughout the play, it is evident that Macbeth’s good conscience fights a losing battle against the evil spirits for control of his soul, one of the characteristics of 17th century morality plays. Macbeth becomes so confused about what is moral and immoral that he succumbs to the pressures of his wife and his own ambition and Shakespeare suggests that this moral confusion stems from the witches’ toxic influence, emphasising the unnatural consequences associated with involving yourself in witchcraft and the supernatural. In addition, Shakespeare dramatises the complex nature of Kingship through the disparities between the rule of King Duncan and Macbeth to reinforce that the wellbeing of a nation is dependent on the moral compass of its leader. During the medieval and Renaissance periods, it was believed that the health of a country depended on the goodness and moral legitimacy of its leader: political order led to natural order. King Duncan is always referred to as a great King: he is generous, benevolent and humble and as a result, Scotland flourishes under his rule. Shakespeare highlights Duncan’s generosity and good nature when he promises to all his ‘Sons, kinsmen, thanes’ (1, 4, 42) that ‘signs of nobleness, like stars, shall shine/On all deservers’ (1, 4, 48-49). Macbeth is already plotting to overthrow the King at this point and only a few lines later, he speaks to himself the telling words, ‘Stars! Hide your fires! /Let not light see my black and deep desires’ (1, 4, 58-59). On the literal level, Shakespeare juxtaposes the good-hearted personality and morals of Duncan with the ruthlessness of Macbeth and metaphorically, the playwright associates King Duncan with light, goodness and above all, transparency in his rule. Macbeth, in contrast, craves darkness to hide his sinister thoughts and actions, foreshadowing his corrupt reign. Shakespeare’s characterisation of Duncan as being well-respected by his people and treating all of his royal subjects so well heightens the enormity and tragedy of his murder. Duncan is honoured and loved so his assassination is unnatural and this unnaturalness is reinforced by the chaos in the natural world that results. ‘Chimneys were blown down’ (2, 3, 52), ‘lamentings heard in the air/Strange screams of death’ (2, 3, 53-54), ‘the earth was feverous/And did shake’ (2, 3, 59-60) and ‘Duncan’s horses’ (2, 4, 16) did ‘eat each other’ (2, 4, 22). Even Macbeth admits that the dead King’s ‘gashed stabs looked like a breach in nature’ (2, 3, 121), reinforcing the connection between the political order and natural order. Shakespeare uses Duncan’s death and the resulting chaos to propose the occurrences and damage to the order of the English royal Kingdom that would occur if King James I was killed, who was widely considered a great King. On the other hand, Macbeth is so ruthless and violent in his role as King of Scotland that by the end, ‘Those he commands move only in command,/Nothing in love’ (5, 2, 22-23). Shakespeare uses the idea of Karma, that all of your actions will have equal repercussions, to highlight that leaders who are ruthless and treat their people and country badly will suffer the terrible consequence of being hated and eventually betrayed. Macbeth is constantly referred to as a tyrant and his death is not seen as unnatural but is celebrated. At the end of the play, after Macduff slays Macbeth, ‘The usurper’s cursed head’ (5, 8, 66) is removed and held high in triumph. This notion that Macbeth is cursed relates back to his thoughts being greatly influenced by the witches and their role in his downfall. At the conclusion of the play, the audience sees the torment and emptiness of Macbeth’s life and turns with relief to the justice and order re-established by Malcolm, the rightful heir to the throne. The differences in the reign of Duncan and Macbeth and the effects both rulers have on the political and natural world stress the importance of moral leadership for a nation and society to thrive. In conclusion, Macbeth is to a great extent a morality tale, with Macbeth allegorically representing the vice of ambitious greed, a constant fight between good and evil and justice being served at the play’s conclusion with the rightful heir, Malcolm, being restored to the Scottish Kingdom. Furthermore, Macbeth’s classification as a noteworthy morality drama has been intensified by how its timeless and universal lessons about the importance of being a loyal and moral citizen are still valid in the 21st century. Shakespeare underscores for his audiences that immoral crimes will always have negative repercussions, supernatural forces are dangerous and cannot be trusted and the political and social wellbeing of a country relies on the morality of its leader. I believe that Macbeth is one of the best morality plays ever written, which is verified by how relevant its messages still are today. We continue to see modern leadership being morally corrupted by excessive hunger for power; business men and woman, politicians, religious leaders and sports people. Macbeth, the morality play, continues to challenge its audiences to consider whether our morality, both personally and as a whole society, has evolved since Shakespeare penned the drama five centuries ago.